The retina, which is composed of multiple layers of differing cell types, has been considered the first choice for gene therapy,\ndisease modeling, and stem cell-derived retinal cell transplant therapy. Because of its special characteristics, the retina, located in\nthe posterior part of the eye, can be well observed directly after gene therapy or transplantation.The blood-retinal barrier is part of a\nspecialized ocular microenvironment that is immune privileged. This protects transplanted cells and tissue. Having two eyes makes\nperfect natural control possible after a single eye receives gene or stem cell therapy. For this reason, research about exploring retinal\ndiseases� underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic approach using stem cell technique has been developing\nrapidly. This review is to present an up-to-date summary of the iPSC�s sources, variations, differentiation methods, and the wi deranging\napplication of iPSCs-RPCS or iPSCs-RPE on retinal disease modeling, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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